Borum, R., Scalora, M., Otto, R., Schneider, K., Kennedy, K., VanBerschot, J., Mix, E., & Jaros, S. (2022). Structured professional judgment (SPJ) tools: a reference guide for Counter-Insider Threat (C-InT) hubs. Defense Personnel and Security Research Center (PERSEREC). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1176772.pdf

As stated in the introduction, “The main purpose of this Guide is to improve C-InT professionals’ awareness of both violence risk assessment (VRA) and threat assessment (TA), as well as the value of structured professional judgment (SPJ) tools used in facilitating these assessments, to more effectively counter potential threats…This Guide begins with a broad look at violence risk and threat assessment and how both strategies emerged and evolved. It then focuses on how that evolution has led to the SPJ approach and how tools have been developed to support SPJ assessments.” The Guide describes and reviews a selection of SPJ tools, including the WAVR-21 V3, with a case example using the instrument.